{"id":1982,"date":"2022-04-17T20:30:45","date_gmt":"2022-04-17T18:30:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/?p=1982"},"modified":"2022-04-17T20:30:45","modified_gmt":"2022-04-17T18:30:45","slug":"obdobi-vzdoru-priciny-vyznam-a-jak-na-zachvat-vzteku-vime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/obdobi-vzdoru-priciny-vyznam-a-jak-na-zachvat-vzteku-vime\/","title":{"rendered":"Obdob\u00ed vzdoru: p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny, v\u00fdznam a jak na z\u00e1chvat vzteku? V\u00edme!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Batolec\u00ed vzdor<\/b> neboli negativismus je charakteristick\u00fd pro\u00a0d\u011bti\u00a0od 18 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f do 4 let a obvykle vrchol\u00ed mezi 2. a 3. rokem \u017eivota. Do v\u011bku 6 let pozvolna ust\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/h1>\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed i t\u011bch nejopodstatn\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a projevuje se u naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny d\u011bt\u00ed, li\u0161\u00ed se v\u0161ak v intenzit\u011b a d\u00e9lce trv\u00e1n\u00ed. M\u00e1 podobu z\u00e1chvat\u016f \u2013 vzdor, trucov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00fdbuchy zlosti, k\u0159ik, dup\u00e1n\u00ed, kop\u00e1n\u00ed kolem sebe, v\u00e1len\u00ed se po zemi, d\u00edt\u011b m\u016f\u017ee a\u017e zmodrat a lapat po dechu. Z\u00e1chvat vzteku trv\u00e1 nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u016fl minuty a\u017e minutu, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u0161ak i del\u0161\u00ed. N\u011bkdy se negativismus projevuje velmi vytrval\u00fdm a tich\u00fdm trucov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a v\u00fdznam<\/span><\/h2>\n

Podle\u00a0Mat\u011bj\u010dka a Dytrycha jsou vzdor a zlost\u00a0batolete\u00a0d\u016fsledkem nezral\u00e9\u00a0osobnosti\u00a0a nevysp\u011bl\u00e9ho nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd se je\u0161t\u011b nedovede vyrovnat se zm\u011bnami situace \u010di zvl\u00e1dnout konflikt \u00fast\u00edc\u00ed z toho, \u017ee po n\u011b\u010dem dychtiv\u011b tou\u017e\u00ed, ale nem\u016f\u017ee toho dos\u00e1hnout. <\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

S postupn\u00fdm vyzr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm a vysp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm se v\u0161ak i tento nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u201enau\u010d\u00ed\u201c z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee p\u0159ij\u00edmat a nep\u0159\u00edjemnostem odol\u00e1vat. S p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm v\u011bkem d\u00edt\u011bte z\u00e1chvaty vzteku pozvolna ust\u00e1vaj\u00ed, jejich \u010detnost i intenzita se neust\u00e1le sni\u017euje. S Mat\u011bj\u010dkem, kter\u00fd vzdor ozna\u010duje za nervovou slabost, zkratkovit\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je nepat\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9, ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 a nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na v\u016fli d\u00edt\u011bte, polemizuje\u00a0\u0158\u00ed\u010dan. Podle n\u011bj se jedn\u00e1 o \u010dasto opr\u00e1vn\u011bnou reakci d\u00edt\u011bte, je to bou\u0159en\u00ed se proti moci, kterou nad n\u00edm vychovatel m\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Batole se sna\u017e\u00ed prosadit svou v\u016fli ani ne tak proto, \u017ee by o n\u011bco st\u00e1lo, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e samo\u00fa\u010deln\u011b (vzdor kv\u016fli vzdoru). Toto obdob\u00ed \u0158\u00ed\u010dan poj\u00edm\u00e1 jako ko\u0159eny formuj\u00edc\u00ed se osobnosti, m\u00e1 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam pro v\u00fdvoj individuality. S t\u00edm, \u017ee batolec\u00ed vzdor m\u00e1 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam, souhlas\u00ed i Haswellov\u00e1, Hockov\u00e1 a Wenar. Ti uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 se o d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd miln\u00edk v kognitivn\u00edm a emocion\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdvoji d\u00edt\u011bte; vzdor signalizuje uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si sebe sama jako samostatn\u00e9 identity a je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm rostouc\u00ed pot\u0159eby nez\u00e1vislosti a boje za autonomii.<\/strong> Vzdor batolete je sice krajn\u011b nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd pro v\u0161echny osoby pod\u00edlej\u00edc\u00ed se na jeho v\u00fdchov\u011b, ale je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm a podstatn\u00fdm aspektem v ran\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji d\u00edt\u011bte s dalekos\u00e1hl\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky pro v\u00fdvoj pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Je pot\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee batolec\u00ed vzdor je naprosto norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed skoro se stejnou pravidelnost\u00ed jako\u00a0puberta\u00a0a jen m\u00e1lokter\u00e1 rodina se mu vyhne.<\/p>\n

\n

Ve v\u011bku 3\u20134 let m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina d\u011bt\u00ed z\u00e1chvat vzteku pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b jednou za den.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nejedn\u00e1 se tedy o \u017e\u00e1dnou patologii, posti\u017een\u00ed \u010di \u0161patn\u00fd charakter. Rodi\u010d se nemus\u00ed ob\u00e1vat, \u201eaby to d\u00edt\u011bti nez\u016fstalo\u201c. Nen\u00ed to ani d\u016fsledek nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9ho postoje v\u016f\u010di vychovateli<\/strong>. Podle\u00a0Mat\u011bj\u010dka\u00a0a Dytrycha jej nelze pova\u017eovat za\u00a0agresivitu, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e za zn\u00e1mku toho, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b je ji\u017e schopno do sv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bnovat dostatek energie. Afekt hn\u011bvu a vzteku souvis\u00ed s rozvojem sebeuv\u011bdomov\u00e1n\u00ed a sebeprosazov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Rodi\u010d\u016fm pot\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edm se s d\u00edt\u011btem v obdob\u00ed negativismu m\u016f\u017ee pomoci, pokud pochop\u00ed, \u017ee batolec\u00ed vzdor m\u00e1 i pozitivn\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Lze jej vn\u00edmat jako usilov\u00e1n\u00ed o nez\u00e1vislost a zp\u016fsobilost sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e pouhou pali\u010datost. Tento v\u00fdvoj autonomie m\u00e1 pozd\u011bji podstatn\u00e9 pozitivn\u00ed konsekvence: schopnost myslet a pracovat samostatn\u011b. \u010casto se u d\u011bt\u00ed objevuje i roztomil\u00fd, hrav\u00fd a kreativn\u00ed zp\u016fsob opozice v\u016f\u010di dosp\u011bl\u00e9mu a vychovateli by v\u011bdom\u00ed toho, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o v\u0161eobecn\u00fd a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd jev, mohlo pomoci toto ocenit.<\/p>\n

<\/span>V\u00fdchovn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0158\u00ed\u010dan nab\u00e1d\u00e1 rodi\u010de k laskav\u00e9, klidn\u00e9, respektuj\u00edc\u00ed pevnosti p\u0159i v\u00fdchov\u011b a uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my v tomto obdob\u00ed m\u00edvaj\u00ed rodi\u010de ned\u016fsledn\u00ed a nejist\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u00edt\u011bti stanov\u00ed pravidla a posl\u00e9ze rezignovan\u011b ustoup\u00ed. <\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

D\u00edt\u011bti se m\u00e1 d\u016fsledn\u011b zamezit v ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed \u010dinnosti, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 hroz\u00ed, \u017ee sob\u011b \u010di jin\u00fdm ubl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed \u010di n\u011bco zni\u010d\u00ed apod. P\u0159i takov\u00e9mto omezen\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b naraz\u00ed na v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed s\u00edlu ne\u017e je ono samo a nezb\u00fdv\u00e1 mu ne\u017e se pod\u0159\u00eddit, nen\u00ed v\u0161ak nuceno jednat proti sv\u00e9 v\u016fli.<\/strong> Pokud se rodi\u010d dostane do situace, kdy po d\u00edt\u011bti n\u011bco chce a ono to p\u0159itom odm\u00edt\u00e1 a pokud tato po\u017eadovan\u00e1 \u010dinnost nen\u00ed vylo\u017een\u011b nutn\u00e1, je podle \u0158\u00ed\u010dana lep\u0161\u00ed rezignovat a d\u00edt\u011b do n\u00ed nenutit. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 je nesna\u017eit se rozmar\u016fm d\u00edt\u011bte vyhov\u011bt a jeho v\u00fdbuchy netolerovat. Emoce d\u00edt\u011bte je vhodn\u00e9 pojmenovat a vyj\u00e1d\u0159it s nimi porozum\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edstupem \u201epochopen\u00ed pro emoce & nesouhlas s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi projevy jejich vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c se d\u00edt\u011b postupn\u011b u\u010d\u00ed, jak emoce vyjad\u0159ovat akceptovateln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n

Vztekl\u00e1 reakce d\u00edt\u011bte p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed obvykle v d\u016fsledku pokynu rodi\u010de, aby n\u011bco ud\u011blalo nebo naopak n\u011bco p\u0159estalo d\u011blat. Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tehdy, kdy\u017e je d\u00edt\u011b hladov\u00e9, rozru\u0161en\u00e9 nebo unaven\u00e9. Ve studii, kterou provedli Haswellov\u00e1, Hockov\u00e1 a Wena\u00a0 se nej\u010dast\u011bji batolec\u00ed vzdor objevoval p\u0159i po\u017eadavc\u00edch, aby si d\u00edt\u011b p\u0159estalo hr\u00e1t a \u0161lo j\u00edst, ochutnalo nov\u00fd pokrm, opustilo vanu, obl\u00e9klo si neobl\u00edben\u00fd kus oble\u010den\u00ed a aby \u0161lo sp\u00e1t. Nejintenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1chvaty nast\u00e1valy po po\u017eadavku p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed aktivity (nap\u0159. hran\u00ed si s hra\u010dkami, koup\u00e1n\u00ed se ve van\u011b) za \u00fa\u010delem zapo\u010dat\u00ed nov\u00e9 (j\u00edst, j\u00edt sp\u00e1t).<\/p>\n

Podle Mat\u011bj\u010dka se d\u00e1 mnoh\u00fdm z t\u011bchto situac\u00ed p\u0159edch\u00e1zet:<\/h3>\n

rodi\u010d m\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad d\u00edt\u011bti pomoci s \u00faklidem \u010di na n\u00e1kupy br\u00e1vat jeho vlastn\u00ed hra\u010dku, aby se tolik nevzru\u0161ovalo kv\u016fli hra\u010dk\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 spat\u0159\u00ed v obchod\u011b. D\u00e1le Mat\u011bj\u010dek zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 na d\u00edt\u011b nesp\u011bchat, nep\u0159eru\u0161ovat mu n\u00e1hle hru, ale d\u00e1t mu \u010das, aby si ji dohr\u00e1lo. Skute\u010dnou \u00fa\u010dinnost t\u00e9to rady potvrzuje i studie Haswellov\u00e9, Hockov\u00e9 a Wenara, ve kter\u00e9 matky schopn\u00e9 sv\u016fj po\u017eadavek opatrn\u011b na\u010dasovat tak, aby d\u00edt\u011b nebylo nuceno n\u00e1hle p\u0159eru\u0161it ji\u017e prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dinnost, a tak\u00e9 vhodn\u011b k d\u00edt\u011bti vys\u00edlaly varov\u00e1n\u00ed dop\u0159edu (Nap\u0159. \u201eU\u017e pomalu kon\u010di, za chv\u00edli p\u016fjdeme ve\u010de\u0159et.\u201c) se se z\u00e1chvaty vzteku u sv\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed pot\u00fdkaly pom\u011brn\u011b z\u0159\u00eddka. Tato varov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00edt\u011bti umo\u017enila p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b a tak\u00e9 to, aby prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed aktivitu postupn\u011b ukon\u010dilo samostatn\u011b. S n\u00edzkou \u010detnost\u00ed z\u00e1chvat\u016f tak\u00e9 souvisela schopnost matky p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu tempu sv\u00e9ho d\u00edt\u011bte \u2013 tomu, jak rychle a snadno se d\u00edt\u011b dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159izp\u016fsobit zm\u011bn\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Podle Haswellov\u00e9, Hockov\u00e9 a Wenara lze z\u00e1chvatu p\u0159edej\u00edt spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00edm opakovan\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy:<\/h4>\n

Jestli\u017ee d\u00edt\u011b nevyhov\u00ed na po\u017eadavek okam\u017eit\u011b, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed rodi\u010de opakuj\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edkaz ve velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch intervalech, anebo d\u00edt\u011b nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b komanduj\u00ed. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee takov\u00e9to chov\u00e1n\u00ed batolec\u00ed vzdor vyvol\u00e1 \u010di je\u0161t\u011b zhor\u0161\u00ed. Naopak rodi\u010d, kter\u00fd s opakov\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00e9ho po\u017eadavku chv\u00edli pose\u010dk\u00e1, se vyhov\u011bn\u00ed od d\u00edt\u011bte do\u010dk\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bji. V tomto v\u00fdzkumu byl interval mezi v\u00fdzvami 10 sekund a rodi\u010de vypov\u00eddali i o u\u017eit\u00ed d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00edch pomlk.<\/p>\n

Jako funguj\u00edc\u00ed se uk\u00e1zala i technika, kdy je d\u00edt\u011bti poskytnuta mo\u017enost volby \u2013 i kdyby m\u011bla b\u00fdt omezen\u00e1. T\u00edm, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011bti je umo\u017en\u011bno se rozhodnout, je uspokojena jeho pot\u0159eba autonomie, ve kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b batolec\u00ed vzdor sv\u016fj p\u016fvod. Tak\u00e9 se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed jeho pocit nez\u00e1vislosti, zp\u016fsobilosti a p\u0159evahy.<\/p>\n

D\u00edt\u011bti se tedy nab\u00edz\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 alternativy jako nap\u0159. \u201eM\u016f\u017ee\u0161 to ud\u011blat nyn\u00ed, anebo za p\u011bt minut, co si vybere\u0161?\u201c, \u010di \u201eM\u016f\u017ee\u0161 se j\u00edt vykoupat te\u010f, anebo se m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 d\u00e1l d\u00edvat na televizi a vykoupat se pozd\u011bji, ale pak ti u\u017e nebudeme v post\u00fdlce \u010d\u00edst\u201c. <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

P\u0159i intenzivn\u00edm a \u00faporn\u00e9mu z\u00e1chvatu Haswellov\u00e1, Hockov\u00e1 a Wenar doporu\u010duj\u00ed, aby vychovatel d\u00edt\u011b izoloval a p\u0159estal jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bnovat pozornost. Toto v\u0161ak mus\u00ed b\u00fdt provedeno bez k\u00e1rn\u00e9ho a trestaj\u00edc\u00edho vyzn\u011bn\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech je tak\u00e9 izolace pro d\u00edt\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 stresuj\u00edc\u00ed a posta\u010d\u00ed, pokud si vychovatel p\u0159estane d\u00edt\u011bte v\u0161\u00edmat.<\/p>\n

Podobnou v\u00fdchovnou odezvu doporu\u010duje i\u00a0Mat\u011bj\u010dek \u2013 rodi\u010d \u00fapln\u011b a nar\u00e1z zm\u011bn\u00ed situaci \u2013 p\u0159em\u00edst\u00ed vztekaj\u00edc\u00ed se d\u00edt\u011b do klidn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti, \u010di s\u00e1m odejde a nech\u00e1 d\u00edt\u011b samotn\u00e9 \u2013 takov\u00fd stav nut\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b k pozornosti v\u016f\u010di nov\u00fdm podn\u011bt\u016fm. Ve ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch, kde toto nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9, Mat\u011bj\u010dek doporu\u010duje\u00a0terapii pevn\u00fdm objet\u00edm\u00a0Ji\u0159iny Prekopov\u00e9. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup je v\u0161ak z odborn\u00e9ho hlediska velmi sporn\u00fd. Mat\u011bj\u010dek d\u00e1le zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee jakmile z\u00e1chvat odezn\u00ed, m\u00e1 rodi\u010d d\u00edt\u011b p\u0159ijmout bez v\u00fdhrad a v\u00fd\u010ditek a ujistit ho o sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edzni. Je mo\u017eno si s n\u00edm o jeho z\u00e1chvatu promluvit \u2013 \u201eto\u201c na n\u011bj p\u0159i\u0161lo, lomcovalo s n\u00edm, a proto jsme my ud\u011blali to a to, abychom mu pomohli.<\/p>\n

Je nutno si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee i s t\u00edm nejuk\u00e1zkov\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem v\u00fdchovy se negativismus u d\u00edt\u011bte m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1le projevovat. Existuje tak\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00fd \u201ebod zlomu\u201c, po kter\u00e9m ji\u017e nem\u00e1 intervence rodi\u010d\u016f na pr\u016fb\u011bh z\u00e1chvatu vzteku d\u00edt\u011bte t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv a m\u016f\u017ee jej dokonce zhor\u0161it. Jedin\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je tedy vy\u010dkat.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

zdroj: cs.wikipedia.org<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Batolec\u00ed vzdor neboli negativismus je charakteristick\u00fd pro\u00a0d\u011bti\u00a0od 18 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f do 4 let a obvykle vrchol\u00ed mezi 2. a 3. rokem \u017eivota. Do v\u011bku 6 let pozvolna ust\u00e1v\u00e1. Jedn\u00e1 se o p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed i t\u011bch nejopodstatn\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a projevuje se u naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny d\u011bt\u00ed, li\u0161\u00ed se v\u0161ak v intenzit\u011b a d\u00e9lce trv\u00e1n\u00ed. M\u00e1 podobu z\u00e1chvat\u016f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1983,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,22],"tags":[626,303,681,682,680,683],"yoast_head":"\nObdob\u00ed vzdoru: p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny, v\u00fdznam a jak na z\u00e1chvat vzteku? 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