{"id":1989,"date":"2022-04-24T14:14:02","date_gmt":"2022-04-24T12:14:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/?p=1989"},"modified":"2022-04-24T14:14:51","modified_gmt":"2022-04-24T12:14:51","slug":"kognitivni-vyvoj-kojence-2-12-mesic-ditete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/kognitivni-vyvoj-kojence-2-12-mesic-ditete\/","title":{"rendered":"Kognitivn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj kojence (2. &#8211; 12. m\u011bs\u00edc d\u00edt\u011bte)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Jako kojeneck\u00e9 obdob\u00ed je ozna\u010dov\u00e1n prvn\u00ed rok \u017eivota. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu tohoto obdob\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k velmi rychl\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoji v\u0161ech oblast\u00ed, co\u017e vede k formov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011btsk\u00e9 osobnosti a\u017e na \u00farove\u0148 jist\u00e9ho prim\u00e1rn\u00edho osamostatn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/h1>\n<p>Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k projev\u016fm individu\u00e1ln\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f ve v\u00fdvoji, projevuj\u00ed se charakteristick\u00e9 osobnostn\u00ed rysy (nap\u0159. temperament). Kojenec je otev\u0159en\u00fd v\u016f\u010di okoln\u00edmu sv\u011btu, osobit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem si vyb\u00edr\u00e1 a p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 nab\u00edzen\u00e9 podn\u011bty. Z\u0159ejm\u00e1 je koncentrace d\u00edt\u011bte na j\u00eddlo, teplo a t\u011blesnou pohodu. V kojeneck\u00e9m v\u011bku jsou velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 \u00fasta, prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159es n\u011b krom\u011b krmen\u00ed tak\u00e9 ve\u0161ker\u00e9 pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>Pot\u0159eba\u00a0stimulace\u00a0souvis\u00ed s pot\u0159ebou u\u010den\u00ed.<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159es podn\u011bty, kter\u00e9 se d\u00edt\u011bti nab\u00edz\u00ed, a kter\u00e9 funguj\u00ed jako informace, d\u00edt\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 zku\u0161enosti se sebou sam\u00fdm i s okoln\u00edm sv\u011btem. Za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch okolnost\u00ed je pot\u0159eba stimulace saturov\u00e1na spont\u00e1nn\u011b, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed i rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Zdrav\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b je schopno tyto podn\u011bty p\u0159ij\u00edmat a zpracov\u00e1vat, <strong>v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho uspokojov\u00e1n\u00ed pot\u0159eby stimulace pak u d\u00edt\u011bte doch\u00e1z\u00ed k odli\u0161n\u00e9mu pojet\u00ed sama sebe i okoln\u00edho sv\u011bta.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Rozvoj kognitivn\u00edch proces\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>Rozvoj prob\u00edh\u00e1 v interakci se zr\u00e1n\u00edm a u\u010den\u00edm, ve vztahu s ostatn\u00edmi slo\u017ekami v\u00fdvoje d\u011btsk\u00e9 osobnosti. Pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a u\u010den\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 na \u00farovni konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho kontaktu s re\u00e1ln\u00fdm sv\u011btem (d\u00edt\u011b vn\u00edm\u00e1 to, \u010deho se m\u016f\u017ee zmocnit a s \u010d\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee podle sv\u00fdch kompetenc\u00ed manipulovat). <strong>D\u016fle\u017eitou pot\u0159ebou d\u00edt\u011bte v tomto v\u011bku je zv\u00eddavost v z\u00e1vislosti na pocitu citov\u00e9 jistoty. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>V kojeneck\u00e9m obdob\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k rozvoji zrakov\u00e9ho vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a pohybov\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zrak je v tomto v\u011bku nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prost\u0159edkem orientace v okoln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b. <\/strong>Od 8. t\u00fddne je d\u00edt\u011b schopn\u00e9 sledovat pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se p\u0159edm\u011bt, schopnost vid\u011bn\u00ed stimuluje i pohyb hlavi\u010dky (d\u00edt\u011b ji zved\u00e1 a pohybuje j\u00ed na v\u0161echny strany, aby si mohlo prohl\u00e9dnout i to, co aktu\u00e1ln\u011b nem\u00e1 v zorn\u00e9m poli). Od 3. m\u011bs\u00edce d\u00edt\u011b dok\u00e1\u017ee zaost\u0159it na vzd\u00e1lenost a\u017e do 50 cm, rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1 tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 barvy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ve v\u011bku 3 \u2013 5 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f u\u017e d\u00edt\u011b dok\u00e1\u017ee sledovat p\u0159edm\u011bty pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se i ve sm\u011bru vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm<\/strong> (nap\u0159. kut\u00e1lej\u00edc\u00ed se m\u00ed\u010d). P\u016flro\u010dn\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b u\u017e je schopn\u00e9 sledovat pohyb p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f pouze o\u010dima, nemus\u00ed zapojovat celou hlavu, sleduje p\u0159edm\u011bty vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 a\u017e na 1 metr. <strong>Po 7. m\u011bs\u00edci se d\u00edt\u011b v\u011bt\u0161inou samo posad\u00ed, co\u017e mu umo\u017e\u0148uje sledovat okol\u00ed v lep\u0161\u00edm zorn\u00e9m \u00fahlu.<\/strong> Po 6 m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch d\u00edt\u011b dok\u00e1\u017ee vn\u00edmat prostor a st\u00e1le v\u00edce se rozv\u00edj\u00ed koordinace jeho o\u010d\u00ed a rukou (hraje si s ru\u010di\u010dkami, m\u00e1 snahu v\u00edce uchopovat a prohl\u00ed\u017eet si <a href=\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/160-3m\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hra\u010dky<\/a>, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 v dosahu).<\/p>\n<p>Kognitivn\u00ed schopnosti jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 i na v\u00fdvoji motorick\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na na ovl\u00e1dnut\u00ed hlavi\u010dky (asi ve 2. m\u011bs\u00edci), \u00fachopu a manipulaci s objekty (od 4. m\u011bs\u00edce), sezen\u00ed (od 7. m\u011bs\u00edce) a po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch samostatn\u00e9 lokomoce (konec 1. roku). Pohybov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pro roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed podn\u011btov\u00e9 nab\u00eddky; d\u00edt\u011b tak m\u016f\u017ee l\u00e9pe regulovat intenzitu pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h4>V kojeneck\u00e9m obdob\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b proch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00fdvojem v n\u011bkolika f\u00e1z\u00edch.<\/h4>\n<p><strong>Obsahem prvn\u00ed f\u00e1ze<\/strong> je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm koncentrace na vlastn\u00ed t\u011blo a jeho projevy (zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na rozli\u0161en\u00ed a potvrzen\u00ed vlastn\u00edch kompetenc\u00ed). D\u00edt\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 diferencovat informace a hledat souvislosti (nap\u0159. rozli\u0161uje \u017eiv\u00e9 a ne\u017eiv\u00e9 objekty).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ve druh\u00e9 f\u00e1zi d\u00edt\u011b projevuje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1jem i o sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed.<\/strong> Z\u00e1jem d\u00edt\u011bte nen\u00ed koncentrov\u00e1n pouze na \u010dinnost, ale v\u00fdrazn\u011bji na jej\u00ed efekt. Na t\u00e9to \u00farovni v\u00fdvoje se tak\u00e9 objevuje z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u00edt\u011b se na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto pro\u017eitk\u016f projevuje p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b egocentricky (domn\u00edv\u00e1 se, \u017ee je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho d\u011bn\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 upne pozornost, osobn\u00ed pro\u017eitky maj\u00ed velmi velkou intenzitu, zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed dominantn\u00ed v\u00fdznam v celkov\u00e9m pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00edt\u011bte). V t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi m\u00e1 d\u00edt\u011b ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed trvalosti objektu (v\u011bci i lid\u00e9 existuj\u00ed, p\u0159esto\u017ee je pr\u00e1v\u011b nevid\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u0159et\u00ed f\u00e1ze trv\u00e1 zhruba od 8 do 12 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f v\u011bku d\u00edt\u011bte.<\/strong> Jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed je st\u00e1le v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159eno na ur\u010dit\u00fd c\u00edl a dok\u00e1\u017ee predikovat v\u00fdsledek sv\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u00e1le d\u00edt\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ch\u00e1pat vztahy mezi prost\u0159edkem a c\u00edlem, mezi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou a n\u00e1sledkem, a tak\u00e9 existenci objekt\u016f v prostoru a jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 souvislosti.<\/p>\n<h2>Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed hra\u010dky pro rozvoj va\u0161eho kojence:<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/160-3m\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1990 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/hracky-pro-kojence-nejlepsi-vyvojova-hracka-learningtoys.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"587\" height=\"644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/hracky-pro-kojence-nejlepsi-vyvojova-hracka-learningtoys.jpg 587w, https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/hracky-pro-kojence-nejlepsi-vyvojova-hracka-learningtoys-273x300.jpg 273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #c7c7c7;\"><a style=\"color: #c7c7c7;\" href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kognitivn%C3%AD_v%C3%BDvoj_kojence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>zdroj: v\u00fdvoj kojence &#8211; wiki<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jako kojeneck\u00e9 obdob\u00ed je ozna\u010dov\u00e1n prvn\u00ed rok \u017eivota. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu tohoto obdob\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k velmi rychl\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoji v\u0161ech oblast\u00ed, co\u017e vede k formov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011btsk\u00e9 osobnosti a\u017e na \u00farove\u0148 jist\u00e9ho prim\u00e1rn\u00edho osamostatn\u011bn\u00ed. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k projev\u016fm individu\u00e1ln\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f ve v\u00fdvoji, projevuj\u00ed se charakteristick\u00e9 osobnostn\u00ed rysy (nap\u0159. temperament). Kojenec je otev\u0159en\u00fd v\u016f\u010di okoln\u00edmu sv\u011btu, osobit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem si vyb\u00edr\u00e1 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1991,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Kognitivn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj kojence (2. - 12. m\u011bs\u00edc d\u00edt\u011bte)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/kognitivni-vyvoj-kojence-2-12-mesic-ditete\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kognitivn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj kojence (2. - 12. m\u011bs\u00edc d\u00edt\u011bte)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jako kojeneck\u00e9 obdob\u00ed je ozna\u010dov\u00e1n prvn\u00ed rok \u017eivota. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu tohoto obdob\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k velmi rychl\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoji v\u0161ech oblast\u00ed, co\u017e vede k formov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011btsk\u00e9 osobnosti a\u017e na \u00farove\u0148 jist\u00e9ho prim\u00e1rn\u00edho osamostatn\u011bn\u00ed. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k projev\u016fm individu\u00e1ln\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f ve v\u00fdvoji, projevuj\u00ed se charakteristick\u00e9 osobnostn\u00ed rysy (nap\u0159. temperament). Kojenec je otev\u0159en\u00fd v\u016f\u010di okoln\u00edmu sv\u011btu, osobit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem si vyb\u00edr\u00e1 [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/kognitivni-vyvoj-kojence-2-12-mesic-ditete\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Learning Toys\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-24T12:14:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-24T12:14:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/juan-encalada-Uvlir2v-dXE-unsplash.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1282\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Monika\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napsal(a)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Monika\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Odhadovan\u00e1 doba \u010dten\u00ed\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minut\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/kognitivni-vyvoj-kojence-2-12-mesic-ditete\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/kognitivni-vyvoj-kojence-2-12-mesic-ditete\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Monika\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learningtoys.cz\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/55234bd16c15b7d14d9b5c94e08b18df\"},\"headline\":\"Kognitivn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj kojence (2. &#8211; 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